For several decades Pakistan has remained at the centre of international discussions on cross-border terrorism due to repeated allegations that terrorist organisations have been able to operate recruit train and plan attacks from its territory and from Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (PoJK). While Pakistan has consistently denied supporting terrorism and has stated that it is committed to countering extremist violence security agencies and independent analysts have repeat

The Durand Line remains a deeply contested border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, rooted in colonial history and unresolved political tensions. Ongoing security challenges, cross-border militancy, and ethnic divisions—especially among Pashtuns—continue to make this frontier one of the most volatile regions in South Asia.