On 5 July 1977, Pakistan witnessed one of the most consequential military coups in South Asian history. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, then Chief of Army Staff, overthrew the elected government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Operation Fair Play. The coup suspended democratic governance, imposed martial law, and fundamentally altered Pakistan's political, ideological and security landscape. While the coup was justified in the name of restoring order after disputed elec

The recent attack on a Pakistan Rangers camp in Karachi has once again drawn attention to Pakistan's deteriorating internal security environment. Soon after the incident, sections of Pakistan's political and security establishment sought to link the attack to India. However, as in several previous cases, these allegations were made without any evidence or the findings of any transparent investigations. Such premature accusations have become a recurring feature of Pakistan's r